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Crowdsale

Utility
0xd02586afe553...769007422b69
HomesteadContract #21KSource VerifiedEdit this contract
Deployed July 19, 2016 (10 years ago)Block 1,914,494

The ethereum.org crowdsale tutorial: contributions run to a deadline against a goal, pay out a separate reward token, and are refunded if the goal is missed.

Homestead EraVerified Source

Historical Significance

The ethereum.org crowdsale tutorial was the worked example most token sales of the period started from, and its shape, a deadline, a goal, a fixed price and a refund if the goal is missed, is the one the sales of the following two years repeated. The flaws are instructive too: unchecked send() calls and an unbounded refund loop are exactly the failures auditors spent the next years writing up.

Context

By 2016 the ethereum.org tutorial had been rewritten around the transfer interface that ERC-20 was standardising, and its crowdsale took its funding goal and token price in whole ether rather than wei. Copies of it went on chain steadily through the year, most of them as trials with short deadlines and small goals rather than as real sales.

Key Facts
Deployment Block
1,914,494
Deployment Date
Jul 19, 2016, 07:44 PM
Code Size
998.0 B
Gas at Deploy
433,921

Description

The crowdfunding contract from the ethereum.org tutorial. Its constructor fixes the beneficiary, the funding goal in whole ether, the length of the campaign in minutes, the price of one reward token in whole ether, and the token contract that pays contributors. None of them can be changed afterwards.

Contributions arrive through the fallback function, which records the sender and amount in a public funders array and calls transfer on the reward token for the amount divided by the price. After the deadline anyone may call checkGoalReached(): if the goal was met the balance is sent to the beneficiary, otherwise the contract loops over the funders and refunds them, and in both cases whatever remains is swept to the beneficiary and the sale is marked closed.

The reward tokens must already be held by this contract when the sale opens, and nothing checks that they are. The refund loop is unbounded and no send() return value is checked, so a campaign with many contributors can leave funds it cannot pay out.

This one pays 0x9459d15966e20272e9ea81c5938a9f9fb0796b3e on success. It was opened with a goal of 100 ether, a window of 1000 minutes, and a price of 100 ether for one token, handing out the token at 0x9459d15966e20272e9ea81c5938a9f9fb0796b3e.

Heuristic Analysis

The following characteristics were detected through bytecode analysis and may not be accurate.

Detected Type: Utility
Has ERC-20-like patterns

Bytecode Overview

Opcodes998
Unique Opcodes133
Jump Instructions51
Storage Operations37

External Links

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